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The World Wide Web (WWW) is a huge set of interlinked documents built using a small group of simple protocols, originally put together by Tim Berners-Lee. Prominent among them was HTML, a simplified markup language. The protocols utilized the Internet with the immediate aim of sharing academic papers. The Web performed this useful function for some years while the Internet remained relatively closed, with access limited primarily to academics. As the Internet opened up during the nineties, early efforts at web pages were very simple. I started up a monthly magazine that reflected my involvement at the time with OS/2 and wrote the pages using a text editor. While writing a page, a tag was needed occasionally, but the work was simple, since for the most part the only tags used were headings and paragraphs, with the occasional bold or italic. With the addition of the odd graphic, perhaps including a repeating background, the result was perfectly presentable by the standards of the time.
But that was followed by a period in which competition between browsers was accompanied by radical development of complex HTML to create far higher standards of presentation. It became much harder for amateurs to create presentable websites, and people started to look for tools. One early success was the development of Lotus Notes as a CMS, by grafting HTML capability onto the existing document-handling features. While this was not a final solution, it certainly demonstrated some key features of CMS. One was the attempt to separate the skills of the web designer from the knowledge of the people who understood the content. Another was to take account of the fact that websites increasingly needed a way to organize large volumes of regularly changing material.
As HTML evolved, so did the servers and programs that delivered it. A significant evolutionary step was the introduction of server-side scripting languages, the most notable being PHP. They built on traditional "third generation" programming language concepts, but allied to special features designed for the creation of HTML for the Web. As they evolved, scripting languages acquired numerous features that are geared specifically to the web environment.
The next turning point was the appearance of complete systems designed to organize material, and present it in a slick way. In particular, open source systems offered website-building capabilities to people with little or no budget. That was exactly my situation a few years ago, as a consultant wanting a respectable website that could be easily maintained, but costing little or nothing to buy and run. A number of systems could lay claim to being ground breakers in this area, and I tried a few that seemed to me to not quite achieve a solution.
For me, the breakthrough came with Mambo 4.5. It installed in a few minutes, and already there was the framework of a complete website, with navigation and a few other useful capabilities. The vital feature was that it came with templates that made my plain text look good. By spending a small amount of money, it was possible to have a personalized template that looked professional, and then it took no special skills to insert articles of one kind or another. Mambo also included some simple publishing to support the workflow involved in the creation and publication of articles. Mambo and its grown up offspring Joomla! have become well-known features in the CMS world.
My own site relied on Mambo for a number of years, and I gradually became more and more involved with the software, eventually becoming leader of the Mambo development team for a critical period in the development of version 4.6. For various reasons, though, I finally departed from the Mambo organization and eventually wrote my own CMS framework, called Aliro. Extensions that I develop are usually capable of running on any of MiaCMS, Mambo, Joomla!, or Aliro. The Aliro system is used to provide all the code examples given here, and you can find a site that is running the exact software described in this book at http://packt.aliro.org.
Some people said of the first edition of this book that it was only about Aliro. In
one sense that is true, but in another it is not. Something like a CMS consists of many parts, but they all need to integrate successfully. This makes it difficult to take one part from here, another from there, and hope to make them work together. And in order to give code examples that could be relied on to work, I was anxious to take them from a complete system. However, when creating Aliro I sought to question every single design decision and never do anything without considering alternatives. This book aims to explain the issues that were reviewed along the way, as well as
the choices made. You may look at the same issues and make different choices,
but I hope to help you in making your choices. I also hope that people will find
that some of the ideas here can be applied in areas other than CMS frameworks.
From time to time, you will find mentions of backwards compatibility, mostly in relation to the code examples taken from Aliro. In this context, backwards compatibility should be understood to be features that have been put into Aliro so that software originally designed to run with Mambo (or its various descendants) can be used with relatively little modification in Aliro. The vast majority of the Aliro code is completely new, and no feature of older systems has been retained if it seriously restricts desirable features or requires serious compromise of sound design.
But that was followed by a period in which competition between browsers was accompanied by radical development of complex HTML to create far higher standards of presentation. It became much harder for amateurs to create presentable websites, and people started to look for tools. One early success was the development of Lotus Notes as a CMS, by grafting HTML capability onto the existing document-handling features. While this was not a final solution, it certainly demonstrated some key features of CMS. One was the attempt to separate the skills of the web designer from the knowledge of the people who understood the content. Another was to take account of the fact that websites increasingly needed a way to organize large volumes of regularly changing material.
As HTML evolved, so did the servers and programs that delivered it. A significant evolutionary step was the introduction of server-side scripting languages, the most notable being PHP. They built on traditional "third generation" programming language concepts, but allied to special features designed for the creation of HTML for the Web. As they evolved, scripting languages acquired numerous features that are geared specifically to the web environment.
The next turning point was the appearance of complete systems designed to organize material, and present it in a slick way. In particular, open source systems offered website-building capabilities to people with little or no budget. That was exactly my situation a few years ago, as a consultant wanting a respectable website that could be easily maintained, but costing little or nothing to buy and run. A number of systems could lay claim to being ground breakers in this area, and I tried a few that seemed to me to not quite achieve a solution.
For me, the breakthrough came with Mambo 4.5. It installed in a few minutes, and already there was the framework of a complete website, with navigation and a few other useful capabilities. The vital feature was that it came with templates that made my plain text look good. By spending a small amount of money, it was possible to have a personalized template that looked professional, and then it took no special skills to insert articles of one kind or another. Mambo also included some simple publishing to support the workflow involved in the creation and publication of articles. Mambo and its grown up offspring Joomla! have become well-known features in the CMS world.
My own site relied on Mambo for a number of years, and I gradually became more and more involved with the software, eventually becoming leader of the Mambo development team for a critical period in the development of version 4.6. For various reasons, though, I finally departed from the Mambo organization and eventually wrote my own CMS framework, called Aliro. Extensions that I develop are usually capable of running on any of MiaCMS, Mambo, Joomla!, or Aliro. The Aliro system is used to provide all the code examples given here, and you can find a site that is running the exact software described in this book at http://packt.aliro.org.
Some people said of the first edition of this book that it was only about Aliro. In
one sense that is true, but in another it is not. Something like a CMS consists of many parts, but they all need to integrate successfully. This makes it difficult to take one part from here, another from there, and hope to make them work together. And in order to give code examples that could be relied on to work, I was anxious to take them from a complete system. However, when creating Aliro I sought to question every single design decision and never do anything without considering alternatives. This book aims to explain the issues that were reviewed along the way, as well as
the choices made. You may look at the same issues and make different choices,
but I hope to help you in making your choices. I also hope that people will find
that some of the ideas here can be applied in areas other than CMS frameworks.
From time to time, you will find mentions of backwards compatibility, mostly in relation to the code examples taken from Aliro. In this context, backwards compatibility should be understood to be features that have been put into Aliro so that software originally designed to run with Mambo (or its various descendants) can be used with relatively little modification in Aliro. The vast majority of the Aliro code is completely new, and no feature of older systems has been retained if it seriously restricts desirable features or requires serious compromise of sound design.
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