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Comparing TCP/IP to the OSI Reference Model


TCP/IP does not strictly conform to the OSI Reference Model. Some portions of
the OSI Reference Model map directly to some of the protocols and services provided
by TCP/IP, while many of the layers do not map to each other directly at all.
For example, the actual delivery of data over the network is handled at the physical
layer, and in this case, the wire is the physical layer. There are no services in
TCP/IP that correspond with the physical or data-link layers. Rather, IP passes data

to a network adapter’s device driver, which provides an interface to the data-link
layer in use with the physical layer.
Figure 1-4 shows how TCP/IP matches up with the OSI Reference Model. Notice
that TCP/IP does not provide any physical or data-link layer services directly, but
instead relies on the local operating system for those services.


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